Wetzel (1992) published the first comprehensive review of aquatic Annelida in Illinois, including 132 species representing 71 genera in 15 families. The list below has been modified to: a) include species identified from the state since publication of that review; b) reflect recent nomenclatural and systematic changes; and c) correct several actual date-of-publication errors that had been perpetuated in past literature. Recent works discussing the phylogeny of aquatic Annelida have been included in the section on classification. References to publications noted in the text of this website are included in the ‘Literature Cited and Selected References’ section, which follows the checklist of species.
Phylogeny and Classification of Aquatic Annelida
The first global compendium on aquatic oligochaetes was published by Brinkhurst and Jamieson (1971). The section in that book discussing the phylogeny and classification of aquatic oligochaetes set the stage for numerous investigations into the phylogenetic relationships of all annelids. Most noteable are: Jamieson (1978, 1980, 1988), Timm (1981), Brinkhurst (1982, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c, 1992, 1994, 1999), Kasprzak (1982, 1984), Kathman and Brinkhurst (1998), Parker (1982), Holt (1986, 1989), Erséus (1987, 1990), Sawyer (1986a, 1986b, 1986c), Brinkhurst and Nemec (1987), Coates (1987, 1989), Nemec and Brinkhurst (1987), Brinkhurst and Gelder (1989), Gelder and Brinkhurst (1990), Purschke et al. (1993), Sima (1993), Sidall and Burreson (1995, 1996, 1998), Bartolomaeus (1997), Trapido-Rosenthal (1997), Omodeo (1998, 2000), Sidall et al. (1998), McHugh (1999, 2000), Purschke (1999), Westheide et al. (1999), Martin et al. (2000) [plus more recent publications to be added here soon]. This paper follows the division of the phylum Annelida into two classes: the Polychaeta and the Clitellata (including the Acanthobdellae, Branchiobdellae, Oligochaeta, and Hirudinida). Nomenclature follows Reynolds and Cook (1976, 1981, 1989, 1993) and Reynolds and Wetzel (2022), and Schmelz et al. (2021) for the oligochaetes; Klemm (1985) for Acanthobdellida and Polychaeta; Klemm (1985), Sawyer (1986a,1986b, 1986c), Barta and Sawyer (1990), and Jones and Woo (1990) for Hirudinida; and Holt (1986), Holt and Opell (1993), Gelder (1996), Gelder et al. (2002), and Govedich et al. (2010) for Branchiobdellida.
You are encouraged to visit the following webpages:
Classification and checklist of freshwater Oligochaetes in North America north of Mexico
Classification and checklist of leeches in North America north of Mexico
Checklist of aquatic Annelida occurring in Illinois
Species preceded by a single asterisk (*) were reported by Wetzel (1992) as new records for the state of Illinois. Species preceded by two asterisks (**) indicate new records for the state (published and unpublished) since 1992. Illinois species collected only from inshore Lake Michigan habitats are preceded by a ‘plus’ sign (+).
P H Y L U M – A N N E L I D A
CLASS POLYCHAETA Grube, 1850
Order Aeolosomatida
FAMILY AEOLOSOMATIDAE
Genus Aeolosoma Ehrenberg, 1828
Aeolosoma hemprichi Ehrenberg, 1828
Aeolosoma tenebrarum Vejdovský, 1880
Aeolosoma variegatum Vejdovský, 1884
CLASS CLITELLATA
Order Branchiobdellida
FAMILY BDELLODRILIDAE Holt, 1986
Genus Bdellodrilus Moore, 1895
Bdellodrilus illuminatus (Moore, 1894)
FAMILY CAMBARINCOLIDAE Holt, 1986
Genus Cambarincola Ellis, 1912
Cambarincola chirocephalus Ellis, 1919
**Cambarincola illinoisensis Holt, 1982
Cambarincola macrodontus Ellis, 1912
Cambarincola philadelphicus (Leidy, 1851)
Cambarincola vitreus Ellis, 1919
Genus Oedipodrilus Holt, 1967
Oedipodrilus macbaini (Holt, 1955)
Genus Pterodrilus Moore, 1895
Pterodrilus distichus Moore, 1895
Genus Sathodrilus Holt, 1968
Sathodrilus elevatus (Goodnight, 1940)
FAMILY XIRONODRILIDAE Holt, 1986
Note: This genus was listed under the family Branchiobdellidae
in Wetzel (1992); it subsequently has been placed in its own
family (refer to Gelder [1996]).
Genus Xironodrilus Ellis, 1919
Xironodrilus formosus Ellis, 1919
———————————————————————————————–
OLIGOCHAETOUS CLITELLATA
Subclass Oligochaeta Grube, 1850
Order Lumbriculida Brinkhurst & Jamieson, 1971
FAMILY LUMBRICULIDAE Claus, 1872
Genus Eclipidrilus Eisen, 1881
Eclipidrilus asymmetricus (Smith, 1896)
Genus Lumbriculus Grube, 1844
Lumbriculus variegatus (Müller, 1774)
Genus Stylodrilus Claparède, 1862
+Stylodrilus heringianus Claparède 1862
Genus Trichodrilus Claparède, 1862
Trichodrilus allobrogum Claparède, 1862
FAMILY SPARGANOPHILIDAE
Genus Sparganophilus Benham, 1892
Sparganophilus tamesis Benham, 1892
[= Sparganophilus eiseni Smith, 1895] [see Rota et al. 2016]
Order Haplotaxida Brinkhurst & Jamieson, 1971
FAMILY HAPLOTAXIDAE Michaelsen, 1900
Genus Haplotaxis Hoffmeister, 1843
Haplotaxis gordioides (Hartmann, in Oken, 1819)
(?= Haplotaxis emissarius [Forbes, 1890]; ?= Haplotaxis forbesi Smith, 1918)
Order Enchytraeida Kasprzak, 1984
FAMILY ENCHYTRAEIDAE d’Udekem, 1855
Genus Barbidrilus Loden & Locy, 1980
Barbidrilus paucisetus Loden & Locy, 1980
Genus Lumbricillus Ørsted, 1844
Lumbricillus rivalis (Levinsen, 1883) augmented Ditlevsen, 1904
Genus Marionina Pfeffer, 1890
Marionina forbesae Smith & Welch, 1913 ?incertae sedis
Genus Henlea Michaelsen, 1899
Henlea urbanensis Welch, 1914
Order Tubificida Jamieson, 1978
FAMILY NAIDIDAE
Subfamily Naidinae Ehrenberg, 1828
Genus Allonais Sperber, 1948
**Allonais inaequalis (Stephenson, 1911) [initially misidentified
as A. paraguayensis]; see Kathman and Wetzel (2003).
Allonais pectinata (Stephenson, 1910)
Genus Amphichaeta Tauber, 1879
*Amphichaeta leydigi Tauber, 1879
Genus Bratislavia Košel, 1976
Bratislavia unidentata (Harman, 1973)
Genus Chaetogaster von Baer, 1827
Chaetogaster diaphanus (Gruithuisen, 1828)
Chaetogaster diastrophus (Gruithuisen, 1828)
Chaetogaster limnaei von Baer, 1827
Genus Dero Oken, 1915
Dero (Aulophorus) furcata (Müller, 1773)
Dero (Aulophorus) vaga (Leidy, 1880)
Dero (Dero) digitata (Müller, 1773)
**Dero (Dero) lodeni Brinkhurst, 1986
– – Note: [= Dero (Aulophorus) intermedius Loden and Harman, 1982, Freshwat. Invert. Biol. 1(1): 53; nom. nov pro: Aulophorus pectinatus Stephenson, 1931 nec Dero pectinatus Aiyer, 1929, vide Reynolds and Cook, 1976 – p. 153; et nec Dero intermedia Cragin, 1887, vide Reynolds and Cook, 1976 – p. 118;
thus an unavailable name according to Harman in litt. 23 Sep. 1983]; the nomenclatural status of this species, as Dero lodeni, was resolved by Brinkhurst (1986, p. 253).
Dero (Dero) nivea Aiyer, 1930
Dero (Dero) obtusa d’Udekem, 1835
*Dero (Dero) pectinata Aiyer, 1930
*Dero (Dero) trifida Loden, 1979
Genus Haemonais Bretscher, 1900
*Haemonais waldvogeli Bretscher, 1900
Genus Nais Müller, 1773
Nais barbata Müller, 1773
Nais behningi Michaelsen, 1923
Nais communis Piguet, 1906
Nais elinguis Müller, 1773
Nais pardalis Piguet, 1906
Nais pseudobtusa Piguet, 1906
Nais simplex Piguet, 1906
Nais variabilis Piguet, 1906
Genus Ophidonais Gervais, 1838
Ophidonais serpentina (Müller, 1773)
Genus Paranais Czerniavsky, 1880
Paranais frici Hrabě, 1941
Genus Piguetiella Sperber, 1939
+Piguetiella michiganensis Hiltunen, 1967
Genus Slavina Vejdovský, 1883
Slavina appendiculata (d’Udekem, 1855)
Genus Specaria Sperber, 1939
Specaria josinae (Vejdovský, 1883)
Genus Stephensoniana Černosvitov, 1938
Stephensoniana trivandrana (Aiyer, 1926)
Genus Stylaria Lamarck, 1816
Stylaria lacustris (Linnaeus, 1767)
Stylaria fossularis Leidy, 1852)
Genus Uncinais Levinson, 1884
+Uncinais uncinata (Ørsted, 1842)
Genus Vejdovskyella Michaelsen, 1903
Vejdovskyella intermedia (Bretscher, 1896)
Subfamily Pristininae Lastočkin, 1921 [formerly, Family Pristinidae Lastočkin, 1921]
>> included in Naididae sensu lato in phylogenetical classification; see
Erséus et al. 2008; Erséus et al. 2010; Erséus et al. 2017 (citations below)
Genus Pristina Ehrenberg, 1828
Pristina acuminata Liang, 1958
*Pristina aequiseta Bourne, 1891
(= Pristina evelinae Marcus, 1943, = Pristina foreli Piguet, 1906)
Pristina breviseta Bourne, 1891
*Pristina jenkinae (Stephenson, 1931)
(= Pristina idrensis Sperber, 1948)
Pristina leidyi Smith, 1896
**Pristina longidentata Harman, 1965
Pristina osborni (Walton, 1906)
Pristina plumaseta Turner, 1935
*Pristina sima (Marcus, 1944)
Pristina synclites Stephenson, 1925
>>> Please Note: The genus Pristinella, established by Brinkhurst (1985), was suppressed by Collado and Schmelz (2000) based upon their description of two new species in the genus Pristina, and their reassessment of the morphology of Pristina and Pristinella species.
[FAMILY TUBIFICIDAE] – suppressed; see Erséus, Wetzel & Gustavsson, 2008 (in Literature Cited section, below).
Subfamily Tubificinae Vejdovský, 1876
Genus Aulodrilus Bretscher, 1899
Aulodrilus americanus Brinkhurst & Cook, 1966
Aulodrilus limnobius Bretscher, 1899
Aulodrilus pigueti Kowalewski, 1914
Aulodrilus pluriseta (Piguet, 1906)
Genus Ilyodrilus Eisen, 1879
Ilyodrilus templetoni (Southern, 1909)
Genus Isochaetides Hrabě, 1966; emmend. Brinkhurst, 1981
+Isochaetides curvisetosus (Brinkhurst & Cook, 1966)
+Isochaetides freyi (Brinkhurst, 1965)
Genus Limnodrilus Claparède, 1862
Limnodrilus cervix Brinkhurst, 1963
Limnodrilus claparedianus Ratzel, 1868
Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparède, 1862
Limnodrilus maumeensis Brinkhurst & Cook, 1966
Limnodrilus profundicola (Verrill, 1871)
Limnodrilus rubripenis Loden, 1977
Limnodrilus tortilipenis Wetzel, 1987
Limnodrilus udekemianus Claparède, 1862
Genus Potamothrix Vejdovský & Mrázek, 1902
Potamothrix bavaricus (Oschmann, 1913)
+Potamothrix bedoti (Piguet, 1913)
Potamothrix moldaviensis Vejdovský & Mrázek, 1902
Potamothrix vejdovskyi (Hrabě, 1941)
Genus Psammoryctides Hrabě, 1964
Psammoryctides californianus Brinkhurst, 1965
Genus Quistadrilus Brinkhurst, 1981
Quistadrilus multisetosus (Smith, 1900)
Genus Rhizodrilus Smith, 1900
Rhizodrilus lacteus Smith, 1900
Genus Spirosperma Eisen, 1879
Spirosperma ferox Eisen, 1879
+Spirosperma nikolskyi (Lastočkin & Sokolskaya, 1935)
(= Spirosperma variegatus Leidy, 1851 sensu Brinkhurst, 1962)
Genus Tasserkidrilus Holmquist, 1985
Tasserkidrilus kessleri (Hrabě, 1962)
Tasserkidrilus superiorensis (Brinkhurst & Cook, 1966) – considered to be restricted to the Great Lakes, but collected [by MJW, 16 April 2008] from a small, polluted stream in Marion Co., Illinois.
Genus Tubifex Lamarck, 1816
+Tubifex ignotus (Štolc, 1886)
Tubifex tubifex (Müller, 1774)
Genus Varichaetadrilus Brinkhurst & Kathman, 1983
Varichaetadrilus angustipenis (Brinkhurst & Cook, 1966)
Notes on V. angustipenis: A Nearctic species, V. angustipenis originally was described as Limnodrilus angustipenis from material collected by J. K. Hiltunen from Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron; it was assigned to the genus Varichaetadrilus by R. O. Brinkhurst in 1989. This rarely collected species presently is known to occur in Alabama, Illinois, Louisiana, Manitoba, Michigan, North Carolina, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Ohio, Ontario, and Tennessee (Coates and Wetzel, manuscript in prep.); many of these distributional records, however, are from one or two collections, primarily oligotrophic lakes. During a continuing faunal survey of springs in southern Illinois (1990-), I have collected V. angustipenis from nine of 17 springs and their associated springruns (Webb et al. 1995; Webb et al. 1996, 1998b). Recently, I identified specimens from five springs in Texas [manuscript in prep.], from additional springs in western Illinois (Webb et al. 1998a), from caves in Illinois and Missouri [INHS Annelida Collection records; Wetzel and Taylor (2001)], and from several other streams in Illinois (many with groundwater influence). With the exception of seven stream sites in southern Illinois (Wetzel 1982a), extensive collecting and identification of aquatic oligochaetes throughout North America have revealed few specimens of this taxon.
Subfamily Rhyacodrilinae Hrabě, 1963
Genus Bothrioneurum Štolc, 1888
Bothrioneurum vejdovskyanum Štolc, 1888
Genus Branchiura Beddard, 1892
Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard, 1892
Genus Rhyacodrilus Bretscher, 1901
Rhyacodrilus coccineus (Vejdovský, 1875)
*Rhyacodrilus falciformis Bretscher, 1901
Rhyacodrilus montanus (Brinkhurst, 1965)
**Rhyacodrilus cf. sodalis (Eisen, 1879)
**Rhyacodrilus subterraneus Hrabě, 1963
Order Crassiclitellata Jamieson, 1988
Superfamily Lumbricoidea
FAMILY LUMBRICIDAE
Genus Eisenia Malm, 1877
Eisenia foetida Savigny, 1826
Genus Eiseniella Michaelsen, 1900
Eiseniella tetraedra (Savigny, 1826)
Superfamily Megascolecoidea
FAMILY SPARGANOPHILIDAE
Genus Sparganophilus Benham, 1892
Sparganophilus meansi Reynolds, 1980
Sparganophilus tamesis Behnam, 1892 [= Sp. eiseni Smith, 1895]
see Rota et al. 2016 (in Literature Cited section, below).
Note: Please visit this webpage highlighting the earthworms present in Illinois.
SUBCLASS HIRUDINEA Savigny, in Lamarck, 1818
Order Rhynchobdellida
Note: several nomenclatural changes to taxa listed below have occurred; corrections will soon be made to the list, below.
A current list of valid species and nomenclature is provided here:
Classification and checklist of the leeches occurring in North America north of Mexico.
FAMILY GLOSSIPHONIIDAE
Genus Actinobdella Moore, 1901
Actinobdella inequiannulata Moore, 1901
Genus Alboglossiphonia Luken, 1976
Alboglossiphonia heteroclita (Linnaeus, 1761)
Genus Desserobdella Barta & Sawyer, 1990
Desserobdella phalera (Graf, 1899)
Desserobdella picta (Verrill, 1872)
Genus Gloiobdella Ringuelet, 1978
Gloiobdella elongata (Castle, 1900)
Genus Glossiphonia Johnson, 1816
Glossiphonia complanata (Linnaeus, 1758)
Genus Helobdella R. Blanchard, 1896
Helobdella fusca (Castle, 1900)
Helobdella papillata (Moore, 1906)
Helobdella stagnalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
Helobdella triserialis (E. Blanchard, 1849)
Genus Placobdella R. Blanchard, 1893
Placobdella montifera Moore, 1906
Placobdella multilineata Moore, 1953
Placobdella ornata (Verrill, 1872)
Placobdella papillifera (Verrill, 1872)
Placobdella parasitica (Say, 1824)
Placobdella pediculata Hemingway, 1908
Genus Theromyzon Phillippi, 1867
Theromyzon biannulatum Klemm, 1977
FAMILY PISCICOLIDAE
Genus Cystobranchus Diesing, 1859
Cystobranchus verrilli Meyer, 1940
Genus Myzobdella Leidy, 1851
Myzobdella lugubris Leidy, 1851
Genus Piscicola de Blainville, 1818
Piscicola milneri (Verrill, 1874)
Piscicola punctata (Verrill, 1871)
Genus Piscicolaria Whitman, 1889
Piscicolaria reducta Meyer, 1940
Order Arhynchobdellida
FAMILY HAEMOPIDAE
Genus Haemopis Savigny, 1822
Haemopis marmorata (Say, 1824)
Haemopis terrestris (Forbes, 1890)
FAMILY HIRUDINIDAE
Genus Macrobdella Verrill, 1872
Macrobdella decora (Say, 1824)
Genus Philobdella Verrill, 1874
Philobdella gracilis Moore, 1901
FAMILY ERPOBDELLIDAE
Genus Dina R. Blanchard, 1892
Dina dubia Moore & Meyer, 1951
Dina parva Moore, 1912
Genus Erpobdella de Blainville, 1818
Erpobdella punctata punctata (Leidy, 1870)
Genus Mooreobdella Pawlowski, 1955
Mooreobdella fervida Verrill, 1871
Mooreobdella microstoma (Moore, 1901)
Genus Nephelopsis Verrill, 1872
Nephelopsis obscura Verrill, 1872
Literature Cited and Selected References
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Bartolomaeus, T. 1997. Chaetogenesis in polychaetous Annelida – significance for annelid systematics and the position of the Pogonophora. Zoology – Analysis of Complex Systems 100(4): 348-364.
Brinkhurst, R O. 1982. Evolution in the Annelida. Can. J. Zool. 60(5): 1043-1059.
Brinkhurst, R O. 1985. The generic and subfamilial classification of Naididae (Annelida: Oligochaeta). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 98(2): 470-475.
Brinkhurst, R.O. 1986. Guide to the freshwater aquatic microdrile oligochaetes of North America. Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 84. vi + 259 pp.
Brinkhurst, R.O. 1988. A taxonomic analysis of the Haplotaxidae. Can. J. Zool. 66(10): 2243-2252.
Brinkhurst, R.O. 1989. A phylogenetic analysis of the Lumbriculidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta). Can. J. Zool. 67(11): 2731-2739.
Brinkhurst, R. O. 1991a. Ancestors. Mitt. Hamburg Mus. Inst. 88(1): 97-110.
Brinkhurst, R.O. 1991b. A phylogenetic analysis of the Tubificinae (Annelida, Oligochaeta). Can. J. Zool. 69(2): 392-397.
Brinkhurst, R.O. 1991c. A phylogenetic analysis of the Phreodrilidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta). Can. J. Zool. 69(8): 2031-2040.
Brinkhurst, R.O. 1992. Evolutionary relationships within the Clitellata. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 24(12): 1202-1205.
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Brinkhurst, R.O. 1999. Lumbriculids, branchiobdellidans and leeches: an overview of recent progress in phylogenetic research on clitellates. Hydrobiologia 406: 281-290.
Brinkhurst, R.O., and S.R. Gelder. 1989. Did the lumbriculids provide the ancestors of the branchiobdellidans, acanthobdellidans and leeches? Hydrobiologia 180: 7-15.
Brinkhurst, R.O., and B.G.M. Jamieson. 1971. Aquatic Oligochaeta of the world. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, ON, and Buffalo, NY. xi + 860pp. [out of print].
Brinkhurst, R.O., and A.F.L. Nemec. 1987. A comparison of phenetic and phylogenetic methods applied to the systematics of Oligochaeta. Hydrobiologia 155: 65-74.
Brinkhurst, R.O., and M.J. Wetzel. 1984. Aquatic Oligochaeta of the world: Supplement. A catalogue of new freshwater species, descriptions, and revisions. Canadian Tech. Rpt. Hydrography Ocean Sci. No. 44. v + 101 pp.
Claus, C.F.W. 1872. Grundzüge der Zoologie, zum Gebrauche an Universitäten und höheren Lehranstalten. Leitfaden zur Einführung in das wissenschaftliche Studium der Zoologie. 2nd Edition. N. G. Elwert’sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung, Marburg and Leipzig, 1170 pp. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.3783
Coates, K.A. 1987. Phylogenetics of some Enchytraeidae (Annelida: Oligochaeta): A preliminary investigation of relationships to the Haplotaxidae. Hydrobiologia 155: 91-106.
Coates, K.A. 1989. Phylogeny and origins of Enchytraeidae. Hydrobiologia 180: 17-33.
Coates, K.A. and M.J. Wetzel. 1998. Manuscript in prep. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Clitellate annelids, including Aphanoneura, Branchiobdellae, Hirudinea, and Oligochaeta.
Collado, R., and R.M. Schmelz. 2000. Pristina silvicola and Pristina terrena spp. nov., two new soil-dwelling species of Naididae (Oligochaeta, Annelida) from the tropical rain forest near Manaus, Brazil, with comments on the genus Pristinella. Journal of Zoology, London 252: 509-516.
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Erséus, C., I. Envall, M. Marchese, L.M. Gustavsson. 2010. The systematic position of Opistocystidae (Annelida, Clitellata) revealed by DNA data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54(1): 309–313.
Erséus, C., M.J. Wetzel, and L. Gustavsson. 2008. ICZN rules – a farewell to Tubificidae (Annelida, Clitellata). Zootaxa 1744: 66-68 [9 April].
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Gelder, S.R. 2020. An ongoing saga: Endemic branchiobdellidans (Annelida: Clitellata) on translocated commercial North American crayfish. Zoosymposia 17(1): 141-158.
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Gelder, S.R., N.L. Gagnon, and K. Nelson. 2002. Taxonomic considerations and distribution of the Branchiobdellida (Annelida: Clitellata) of the North American continent. Northeastern Naturalist 9(4): 451-468.
Goodnight, C.J. 1940. The Branchiobdellidae (Oligochaeta) of North American crayfish. Illinois Biological Monographs 17(3): 1–75.
Govedich, F.R., B.A. Bain, W.E. Moser, S.R. Gelder, R.W. Davies, and R.O. Brinkhurst. 2010. Annelida (Clitellata) Oligochaeta, Branchiobdellida, Hirudinida, and Acanthobdellida. Pages 385-436, In: J.H. Thorp and A.P. Covich (eds). Ecology and classification of North American freshwater invertebrates. Third Edition xiv + 1,021 pp. Academic Press / Elsevier, San Diego, CA. ISBN 978-0-12-374855-3. [www.elsevier.com] USD$ 139.95 / 93.95 Euro.
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Holt, P.C. 1989. Comments on the classification of the Clitellata. Hydrobiologia 180: 1-5.
Holt, P.C. 1982. A new species of the genus Cambarincola (Clitellata: Branchiobdellida) from Illinois with remarks on the bursa of Cambarincola vitreus Ellis, 1919, and the status of Sathodrilus Holt, 1968. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 95( ): 251–255.
Holt, P.C., and B.D. Opell. 1993. A checklist of and illustrated key to the genera and species of the Central and North American Cambarincolidae (Clitellata: Branchiobdellida). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 106(2): 251-295.
Jamieson, B.G.M. 1978. Phylogenetic and phenetic systematics of the opisthoporous Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata). Evol. Theor. 3(4): 195-233.
Jamieson, B.G.M. 1980. Preliminary discussion of an Hennigian analysis of the phylogeny and systematics of opisthoporous oligochaetes. Rev. Ecol. Biol. Sol 17(2): 261-275.
Jamieson, B.G.M. 1988. On the phylogeny and higher classification of the Oligochaeta. Cladistics 4: 367-410.
Jones, S.R.M., and P.T.K. Woo. 1990. Redescription of the leech Desserobdella phalera (Graf, 1899) n.comb. (Rhynchobdellida: Glossiphoniidae), with notes on its biology and occurrence on fishes. Can. J. Zool. 68(9): 1951-1955.
Kasprzak, K. 1982. Problems of the origin of oligochaetes (Annelida: Oligochaeta). Prezgl. Zool. 26: 145-160. (English translation, Can. Transl. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 4996).
Kasprzak, K. 1984. The previous and contemporary conceptions on phylogeny and systematic classifications of Oligochaeta (Annelida). Annales Zoologici, Warszawa [Ann. Zool. Polska Akad. Nauk Inst. Zool.] 38: 205–223.
Kathman, R.D., and R.O. Brinkhurst. 1998, 1999. Guide to the freshwater oligochaetes of North America. Aquatic Resources Center, College Grove, TN 37046 USA. iv + 264 pp. To ordering this guide, contact Dr. Kathman [r.deedee.kathman'[AT]’gmail.com] ***
Kathman, R.D., and M.J. Wetzel. 2003. Allonais inaequalis (Annelida: Oligochaeta: Tubificidae) in North America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 116(3): 548-556.
Klemm, D.J., ed. 1985. A guide to the freshwater Annelida (Polychaeta, naidid and tubificid Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea) of North America. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, IA. xiii + 198 pp.
Lamarck, J.B.P.A. 1818. Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres, présentant les caractères généraux et particuliers de ces animaux, leur distribution, leurs classes, leurs familles, leurs genres, et la citation des principales espèces qui s’y rapportent; précédée d’une introduction offrant la détermination des caractères essentiels de l’animal, sa distinction du végétal et des autres corps naturels; enfin, l’exposition des principes généraux de zoologie. Tome cinquième. Arachnides, Crustacés, Annélides, Cirrhipèdes. J. B. Baillière, Paris, 612 pp.
Lastočkin, D.A. 1921. Issledovanija po faune Ivanovo-Voznesenskoj gubernii. 3. Fauna Oligochaeta limicola rajona issledovanija. Izvestija Ivanovo-Voznesenskogo Politehničeskogo Instituta, 4, 70–77.
Madill, J., K.A. Coates, M.J. Wetzel, S.R. Gelder. 1992. Common and scientific names of aphanoneuran and clitellate annelids of the United States and Canada. Soil Biol. Biochem. 24(12): 1259-1262.
Martin, P., I. Kaygorodova, D.Yu. Sherbakov and E. Verheyen. 2000. Rapidly evolving lineages impede the resolution of phylogenetic relationships among Clitellata (Annelida). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 15(3): 355-368.
Martin, P., E. Martinez-Ansemil, A. Pinder, T. Timm, and M.J. Wetzel. 2008. Global diversity of oligochaetous clitellates (“Oligochaeta”; Clitellata) in freshwater. Pp. 117-127, In E. V. Balian, C. Léveque, H. Segers & K. Martens, eds. Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment. Hydrobiologia 595(1).
McHugh, D. 1999. Phylogeny of the Annelida: Sidall et al. (1998) rebutted. Cladistics 15: 85-89.
McHugh, D. 2000. Molecular phylogeny of the Annelida. Canadian Journal of Zoology 78(11): 1873-1884.
Nemec, A.F.L., and R.O. Brinkhurst. 1987. A comparison of methodological approaches to the subfamilial classification of the Naididae (Oligochaeta). Can. J. Zool. 65(3): 691–707.
Oken, L. 1819. Versammlung der Schweizer Naturforscher zu St. Gallen, vom 26, 27. und 28. Julius 1819. In: Oken, L. (Ed.), Isis oder Encyclopädische Zeitung von Oken. Litterarischer Anzeiger, Jena, Nr. XLV, Erster Band, Heft I–VI, pp. 178–179.
Omodeo, P. 1998. History of Clitellata. Italian Journal of Zoology 65: 51-73.
Omodeo, P. 2000. Evolution and biogeography of megadriles (Annelida, Clitellata). Italian Journal of Zoology 67(2): 179-201.
Parker, S.P. 1982. Synopsis and classification of living organisms. McGraw Hill, New York. 1,232 pp.
Purschke, G. 1999. Terrestrial polychaetes — models for the evolution of the Clitellata (Annelida)? Hydrobiologia 406: 87-99.
Purschke, G., W. Westheide, D. Rohde, and R.O. Brinkhurst. 1993. Morphological reinvestigation and phylogenetic relationship of Acanthobdella peledina (Annelida, Clitellata). Zoomorphology 113(2): 91-101.
Readel, A.M., C.A. Phillips, and M.J. Wetzel. 2008. Leech parasitism in a turtle assemblage: effects of host and environmental characteristics. Copeia 2008(1): 225-231.
Reynolds, J.W., and D.G. Cook. 1976. Nomenclatura oligochaetologica. A catalogue of names, descriptions and type specimens of the Oligochaeta. Univ. New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick. x + 217 pp. [This catalog, and the first supplement, cited below, are available from University of New Brunswick Bookstore, P. O. Box 4400, Fredericton, NB, Canada E3B 5A3, for CAN$20.00 (which includes GST {Canada’s goods and services tax}; the second and third supplements, also cited below, are available, at no charge, from the New Brunswick Museum, 277 Douglas Avenue, Saint John, NB, Canada E2K 1E5.].
Reynolds, J.W., and D.G. Cook. 1981. Nomenclatura oligochaetologica. Supplementum primum. A catalogue of names, descriptions and type specimens of the Oligochaeta. [published by the University of New Brunswick] Fredericton, New Brunswick. v + 39 pp. [to order, see note above].
Reynolds, J.W., and D.G. Cook. 1989. Nomenclatura oligochaetologica. Supplementum secundum. A catalogue of names, descriptions and type specimens of the Oligochaeta. New Brunswick Mus. Monogr. Ser. (Nat. Sci.) No. 8. v + 37 pp. [this second supplement is available, at no charge, from the New Brunswick Museum, 277 Douglas Avenue, Saint John, NB, Canada E2K 1E5.].
Reynolds, J.W., and D.G. Cook. 1993. Nomenclatura oligochaetologica. Supplementum tertium. A catalogue of names, descriptions and type specimens of the Oligochaeta. New Brunswick Mus. Monogr. Ser. (Nat. Sci.) No. 9. vi + 33 pp. [this third supplement is available, at no charge, from the New Brunswick Museum, 277 Douglas Avenue, Saint John, NB, Canada E2K 1E5.].
Reynolds, J.W. and M.J. Wetzel. 2004. Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America north of Mexico. Megadrilogica 9(11): 71–98.
Reynolds, J.W., and M.J. Wetzel. 2008. Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America, including Mexico, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and Bermuda. Megadrilogica 12 (12): 157–208.
Reynolds, J.W., and M.J. Wetzel. 2011. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Komarekionidae, Lumbridicae, Megascolecidae, and Sparganophilidae) of Illinois, USA. Megadrilogica 15(4): 35–67.
Reynolds, J.W., and M.J. Wetzel. 2012. Terrestrial Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America, including Mexico, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and Bermuda. III. Megadrilogica 15(8): 191–209.
Rota, E., S. Martinsson, M. Bartoli, A. Beylich, U. Graefe, A. Laini, M.J. Wetzel, and C. Erséus. 2016. Mitochondrial evidence supports a Nearctic origin for the spreading limicolous earthworm Sparganophilus tamesis Benham, 1892 (Clitellata, Sparganophilidae). Contributions to Zoology 85(1): 113-119.
Sawyer, R.T. 1986a. Leech biology and behaviour. Volume I. Anatomy, physiology, and behaviour. Clarendon Press, Oxford. xiv + pp. 1-417 + index.
Sawyer, R.T. 1986b. Leech biology and behaviour. Volume II. Feeding biology, ecology, and systematics. Clarendon Press, Oxford. xiv + pp. 419-793 + index.
Sawyer, R.T. 1986c. Leech biology and behaviour. Volume III. Bibliography. Clarendon Press, Oxford. x + pp. 799-1,065.
Schmelz, R.M., C. Erséus, P. Martin, T. van Haaren, and T. Timm. 2021. A proposed order-level classification in Oligochaeta (Annelida, Clitellata). Zootaxa 5040(4): 589–597. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5040.4.9
Siddall, M.E. and E.M. Burreson. 1995. Phylogeny of the Euhirudinea: independent evolution of blood feeding by leeches? Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 1048-1064.
Siddall, M.E. and E.M. Burreson. 1996. Leeches (Oligochaeta?: Euhirudinea), their phylogeny and the evolution of life-history strategies. Hydrobiologia 334: 277-285.
Siddall, M. E. and E. M. Burreson. 1998. Phylogeny of leeches (Hirudinea) based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9(1): 156-162.
Siddall, M.E., K. Fitzhugh and K.A. Coates. 1998. Problems determining the phylogenetic position of echiurans and pogonophorans with limited data. Cladistics 14: 401-410.
Sima, P. 1993. Phylogeny and classification of annelids. Pages 13-25, In: V. Vetvicka, P. Sima, E. L. Cooper, M. Bilej and P. Roch. 1993. Immunology of annelids. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (USA), Ann Arbor, MI (USA), London, Tokyo. 299 pp.
Timm, T. 1981. On the origin and evolution of aquatic Oligochaeta. Eesti NSV Tead. Akad. Toim. Biologia 30(3): 174-181.
Trapido-Rosenthal, H.G., I.B. Kuffner, L. McDowell and K.A. Coates. 1997. Paraphyly of the annelids: all annelids are not segmented worms. Bulletin of Marine Science 60(2): 624.
Udekem, J.d‘ 1855. Nouvelle classification des Annélides sétigères abranches. Bulletins de l’Académie Royale Belgique, classe des sciences, 22, 533–555.
Webb, D.W., M.J. Wetzel, P.C. Reed, L.R. Phillippe, and M.A. Harris. 1995. Aquatic biodiversity in Illinois springs. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 68(2)suppl.: 93-107.
Webb, D. W., M.J. Wetzel, P.C. Reed, L.R. Phillippe, and T.C. Young. 1996. Biodiversity, hydrogeology, and water quality of 10 karst springs in the Salem Plateau Section of Illinois. Pp. 146-185, In: Davis, M., Editor. Research on agricultural chemicals in Illinois groundwater: Status and future directions VI. Illinois Groundwater Consortium, Office of Research Development and Administration, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.
Webb, D.W., M.J. Wetzel, and L.R. Phillippe. 1998. [Webb et al. 1998a]. The aquatic biota and groundwater quality of Illinois springs in the Lincoln Hills, Wisconsin Driftless, and Northern Till Plains Sections of Illinois. Illinois Natural History Survey Center for Biodiversity Technical Report 1998 (6). 164 pp. Prepared for the Environmental Protection Trust Fund Commission and the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, Division of Energy and Environmental Assessment, Office of Realty and Environmental Planning, Springfield.
Webb, D.W., M.J. Wetzel, P.C. Reed, L.R. Phillippe, and T.C. Young. 1998. [Webb et al. 1998b]. The macroinvertebrate biodiversity, water quality, and hydrogeology of ten karst springs in the Salem Plateau Section of Illinois, USA. Pp. 39-48, In: L. Botosaneanu (ed.). Studies in Crenobiology – The biology of springs and springbrooks. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. 261 pp. ISBN 90-73348-04-8.
Westheide, W., D. McHugh, G. Purschke and G. Rouse. 1999. Systematization of the Annelida: different approaches. Hydrobiologia 402: 291-307.
Wetzel, M.J. 1982a. The distribution and relative abundance of aquatic Oligochaeta in the Cache River system, southern Illinois, in relation to water quality. Unpublished MSc. thesis, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston. x + 182 pp.
Wetzel, M.J. 1982b. Aquatic Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in Kansas, with notes on their distribution and ecology. Technical Publication of the State Biological Survey of Kansas 12:112-130.
Wetzel, M.J. 1992. Aquatic Annelida of Illinois: Introduction and checklist of species. Trans. Illinois St. Acad. Sci. 85(1 and 2): 87-101.
Wetzel, M.J., S.V. Fend, K.A. Coates, R.D. Kathman, and S.R. Gelder. 2009. Taxonomy, systematics, and ecology of the freshwater oligochaetes and branchiobdellidans (Annelida, Clitellata) of North America. A workbook. 1 November 2009. vi + 280 pp. + color plates.
Wetzel, M.J., and S.J. Taylor. 2001. First records of freshwater oligochaetes (Annelida, Clitellata) from caves in Illinois and Missouri, USA. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies 63(3): 99-104.
Wetzel, M.J. and J.W. Reynolds. 2021. A preliminary inventory of earthworms (Annelida, Clitellata) of the Nachusa Grasslands Area, Lee and Ogle Counties, Illinois, USA. Megadrilogica 26(8): 91–125.
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Copyright © 1992; 1996-2024, by Mark J. Wetzel (Illinois Natural History Survey) unless otherwise noted; All Rights Reserved. This website contains original, copyrighted material; it is being provided here as a professional courtesy, exclusively for your private, non-commercial use. Reference to or redistribution of any part of the information contained herein – whether it be through oral, printed, electronic, or other tangible medium of expression – shall acknowledge the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS) and this website as its source.
Suggested citation for this electronic webpage:
Wetzel, M. J. 2024. The Aquatic Annelida of Illinois – annotated checklist of species. URL: https://illinois.edu/annelidcollection/aquatic-annelida-of-illinois/. February 2024.
This webpage established and maintained by Mark J. Wetzel, Research Scientist and Oligochaetologist (retired, still active)- Curator, Collections Manager, and Database Manager, INHS Annelida Collection, Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS), Prairie Research Institute at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois USA
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